SKIN ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

Understanding
The skin is a layer of tissue found on the outer cover and protect the surface of the body, continuous with the membrane that lines the lender cavities, the holes inside. On the surface of the skin and sweat glands leads to mucous glands.
A. Crust
Consists of 3 (three) layers from top to bottom:
1. Epidermis.
2. Corium / goose vera.
3. Sub goose / hypodermic.

1). Epidermal
Consisting of several layers of cells:
1.1 stratum corneum.
- Cell was already dead
- Does not have the cell nucleus
- The core cell is dead
- Contains substance ceratin.
1.2 Stratum Lucidium:
- Cell was flat, the difference with graulosum stratum is: Here the cells
so many have lost the core and the grain-grain has become very clear and penetrating rays, the items are still there called claidi which is phase II in the formation of keratine.
- This layer is only found on the palms of the hands and feet.
- In the layer looks like a ribbon of the cornea, the cell boundaries are not so visible is called the stratum lucidium.
1.3 Stratum Granulosum.
- Stratum consists of flat cells such as coils.
- These cells contained only two to three layers parallel to the surface of the skin.
- In the cytoplasma contained grains called keratohyalin which is a phase in the formation of keratin because of the many points of the stratum granulosum.
1.4 Stratum spinosum / stratum acantosum.
- This layer is the thickest layer and can reach 0.2 mm, consisting from 5-8 layers.
- These cells are called spinosum because if we look under the microscop that the cells consist of cells that form polygenal / many angles and has a horn (spine).
- Called acantonsum because the cells spiked.
- Apparently spine or horn there is a relationship between other cells called intercelulair intercelulair bridges or bridges.
1.5 Stratum Basale / Germinativum.
- Called for the stratum basale cells terltak basal section / base.
- Also called the stratum germinativum for replacing cells that are on it and is the stem cells.
- The form cylindaris (tube) with an oval core.
- It poses a fine grain is called grain melanine / color.
- Cells are arranged like a fence (polysode).
- The bottom of the cell have a membrane called the basement membrane.
- Basal cells with basement membrane is the lowest limit of the epydermis with dermys.
- It turned out that this limit is not flat but wavy, at the time of corium protruding bulge at epydermis Corri are called papillae (papilla skin).
- On the other hand epydermis bulge protruding toward the corium is called Riter ridges or rite Pegg = Prosessus interpapillaris.

2). Dermis
Dermis is the second layer of skin boundary with epydermis coated by basement membrane and on the bottom adjacent subcutis but this limit is not clear we simply take as a benchmark is the start there were fat cells.

Dermis consists of 2 (two) parts:
- The upper, papillary Pars (Stratum papilare)
- The lower part, Reticulari (Stratum recticularis).
Boundary between the pars papillary with pars reticularis is the bottom up to the sub goose.
Both papillary and pars pars reticularis consists of loose connective tissue composed of fibers:
a. Collagen fiber.
b. Elastic fibers.
c. Reticulus fibers.
Fibers are mutually beranyaman and each has different tasks:
- Collogen fibers, to give strength to the skin.
- Serabur elastic, giving flexibility to the skin.
- Reticulus, there foli especially around glands and hair and gives strength to the tool.
Among these are woven fluids between cells.

3). SUB Cutis
Sub goose gangs composed of fat cells and among these gangs walk connective tissue fibers of the dermis. These fat cells are round with the point pressed kepinggir, thus forming a ring.
This fat layer is called Puniculus adiposus, the thickness is not the same in each place and also the division between men and women are not equal (different).
Usability paniculus adiposus are as follows:
a. Shok brokor, spring / when pressure mechanical trauma that afflicts the skin.
b. Heat insulator or who maintain the temperature.
c. Hoarding calories.
d. Supplement for the beauty of the body.
Under sub goose muscle membrane and then there are the muscles.

B. TUBE BLOOD AND NERVE
1. TUBE BLOOD.
Skin blood vessels consist of two woven blood vessels pulse is:
a. Matting skin arteries above or beyond:
We have webbing between the papillary stratum and stratum reticulair, plaited runs arterioren at each papilla Corri.
b. Matting pulse blood vessels under the skin or in:
We have webbing between the corium and sub goose, matting provides pembukuh artery branches into additional tools contained in the corium.
In this case also gave branches that form the surface skin webbing arteries.
Webbing in the arteries which is formed by branches of the artery-cabanag contained in a layer of sub goose.
Branches are then going into veins / vein which will also form the webbing, that is woven deep veins.
Blood circulation in the skin is very important because estimated one fifth of the blood circulating through the skin. Besides the blood vessels in the skin very quickly narrows / widens by influence or stimulation of heat, cold, pressure, pain, pain and emotion, narrowing and widening to occur by reflex.

2. SKIN STRUCTURE OF NERVE
On the skin as well as in other organs there are branches of spinal nerves and the surface consists of motor nerves and sensory nerves.
Motor nerve endings is useful to move the muscle cells found in skin, whereas sensory nerve stimulation is useful to accept that there are from the outside or skin.
In the skin sensory nerve endings is shaped variety and use to receive stimuli such as:
- Edge-free nerve endings that are to receive a stimulus pain numerous in epydermis.
- What constitutes end organ, here the nerve endings have been a typical form of an organ.

C. COMPLEMENTARY SKIN
1. HAIR.
Tues epydermis has changed, the hair grows from hair follicles within epydermis, hair follicles bounded by an upper epydermis basically there is a clear pupil where hair grows, the roots are within the follicle at the end of the deepest and the exit section is called the hair shaft, hair follicles contained in the smooth muscle small as a hair enforcement.
Hair consists of:
a. Long hair pat on the head, pubic and beard.
b. Short hair in the nostrils, ear canal and eyebrows.
c. Lanugo hair all over body hair.
d. Sexual hair in the pubic and axial (armpit).
Skin color is influenced by:
a. Blood vessels in the skin.
b. More or less fat.
c. Skin pigment called melanine, more or less melanine dipengarukhi by:
- Racial or ethnic origin,
- Hormones.
- Effect of ultraviolet and infra red.

2. NAIL
Nails are epydermis cell skins have changed yana Pelung nails embedded in grooves along the lines of the skin.
Trench innervation and nail to get a lot of blood vessels. Part praksimal situated in multiples of skin is the beginning of the nail grows, nail body parts that are not covered with strong leather bound in leather trench and the top part of the free.
Part of the nail:
a. The tip of the nail over the tip line.
b. Agency is part of a large nail.
c. The root of the nail (radik).

3. Skin glands
Skin glands have lubulus rolling with straight exit channel is the way to remove various substances from the body (sweat glands).
Subasea glands derived from the hair that comes down the line the hair follicle to lubricate hair and skin adjacent.
Regeneration of skin and the aging process.
The skin has a large regeneration after skin injury of these cells in the dermis against local infection capillaries and connective tissue regenerating epithelium grows from the edge of the wound cover jarigan tie the generations, forming reddish belly at first because of the increased number of capillaries eventually turned into fibers kalogen whiteness visible through the epithelium.
Manifestation of aging skin.
Skin layer becomes thinner with respect to changes in the composition of basic chemicals jaringnan tie, then the cause of lack of fluid in the loss elastisitet the elastic fibers of the dermis and sub goose due to skin folds caused by pulling the tissue below it slowly disappeared and the incidence of irregular pigmentation spots .
Subasea gland.
Glands in the skin pocket shaped like a bottle and empties into the hair follicle, most numerous on the head and face around the nose, mouth and ears. Not found on the feet and palms.
These glands are lined by cel epithil.
There are 2 (two) glands located on the skin:
1. Sweat glands produce glanula sudorivera.
2. The gland produces glanula subasea bone.
Gland or glanula consist of:
1. Body gland.
2. Channels gland.
3. Estuary gland.

D. FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN AS A HEAT TIMER
Despite the changes in environmental temperature, body temperature stable because of adjustments between the heat generated by the central regulator of heat is the temperature of blood flowing through the medulla oblongata. Normal temperature in the body that is visceral brain from 36 to 37.5 ° for skin temperature slightly lower.
Control of neural and cutaneous arterial vaso motor and there are 2 ways:
1. Vase dilatation, dilated capillaries, the skin becomes hot and excess heat emitted into the sweat glands, causing evaporation of fluid on the surface of the body.
2. Vase Construksi, blood vessels shrink, the skin becomes pale and cold, loss of sweating is limited and the heat / temperature of the body is not removed.
How to release heat from the skin:
1. Evaporation of the amount of blood flowing through the capillaries of the skin.
2. Radiant heat from surrounding air.
3. Heat is applied to objects such as clothing touching.
4. Pangaliran hot air.

Sweat
Aktil secretion from sweat glands taken control of the sympathetic nervous sweat contains water and a little salt is removed through a simple diffusion ± 500 cc / day.
Sweat gland is a major tool to control body temperature will be reduced at the time of cold climate and more in hot climates.

E. SKIN AS A sense of touch
Sense of touch caused by stimulation of the nerve endings in the skin varies according to the stimulated nerve endings, feeling hot, cold and sick dtimbulkan because of pressure in and feeling the weight of an object such as the muscle and bone.
Skin as a store of water.
Skin and underlying tissues to work as water storage adipose tissue under the skin of the main fat storage in the body.

Sense of touch (SKIN)
We have five senses of touch on the skin in addition to the skin as well as the heat release in the body, the skin cover and continuous with the mucous membrane that lines the cavities and holes.
The skin has many nerve endings of touch that receive stimuli from outside forwarded to the nerve centers in the brain.
Skin Function:
1. As an organ of the body's heat regulator.
2. Cover and protect the body surface.
3. Helps manage and protect water loss from the body.
- Exkretori (expenditure process substances that are not used by the body).
- Secretory (expenditure process used by the body's metabolism).
- Absorption (the absorption of food substances that occur on the skin).
4. As a means of stimulating flavor that comes from outside, from the nipple-nipple feeler carried by motor and sensory spinal nerves were taken to the central nerve in the brain.
Receptors are widespread in the lining epithelium and connective tissue of the human body. Each different receptors, the vast majority were reeptor pain then touch sensation, cold and heat.
Receptors located in the epithelial layer, was found in oral mucosa and respiratory tract to sense touch and pain, and flattened epithelial tissue layers at the root of the hair.
Receptors located in the connective tissue:
So many lies in the skin below the mucous layer around the joints, pleura, endocardium, peritoneum, etc..
Sense of touch caused by stimulation of the nerve endings in the skin vary by stimulated nerve endings that sense heat, cold, sick of all these different feelings.
Feelings of pressure caused a very deep and feelings allows one to determine and assess the weight of an object arises in deeper structures such as the muscles and joints.

F. ABILITY TO PROTECT THE SKIN
1. Avoiding the loss of fluid from the network and avoid the entry of water into the network.
2. Prevents injury to the structures underneath.
3. Preventing dehydration is more severe hazard if the epidermis is damaged

G. SKIN FUNCTIONS
1. Meindungi body against injury, mechanical, chemical, and thermic because epithelnya with glandular secretions help provide protection against skin.
2. Protection against pathogenic microorganisms.
3. Maintain body temperature with the help sirculasi blood.
4. Regulate fluid balance through sirculasi gland
5. Tools senses through feeling, respiratory, sensory and pressure, temperature and pain.

H. PSYCHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP WITH LEATHER
The skin is closely related to one's psychological, if someone in anger / joy red face and skin looks pale and sweaty terliahat cool if someone in a state of fear.